The exploration, production, and environmental biotechnology of petroleum are all topics covered in the Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology. Petroleum exploration and production involves extracting hydrocarbons from the earth's underground reservoirs with the aid of several different disciplines, including petroleum geology, drilling, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, completions, and oil and gas facilities engineering. Crude oil or natural gas are two of the available forms of the hydrocarbons that were generated. Environmental engineering is a method for integrating science and engineering that can be used to enhance the quality of the environment, including the air, water, and land.

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Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive amounts of gas, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and methane, are introduced into the Earth’s atmosphere. All major sources are related to technologies that emerged after the Industrial Revolution, such as fossil fuel combustion, factories, power plants, mass farming, and automobiles. The effects of air pollution include adverse human and animal health and global warming, rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping thermal energy in the Earth’s atmosphere, and raising the Earth’s temperature. To do Water pollution, on the other hand, is pollution of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, seas and groundwater, usually due to human activity. Some of the most common water pollutants are household waste, industrial wastewater, and pesticides. A specific example is the discharge of poorly treated wastewater into natural waters. This can lead to deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. Other harmful effects include diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera, eutrophication, and the destruction of ecosystems that adversely affect the food chain.

Resource depletion is another negative impact of technology on the environment. This means consuming resources faster than you can replenish. Natural resources exist without human creation and can be renewable or non-renewable. There are many types of resource depletion, the most serious of which are watershed depletion, deforestation, fossil fuel and mineral depletion, resource pollution, soil erosion, and resource overexploitation. These result primarily from agriculture, mining, water use and fossil fuel consumption, all made possible by technological advances. As the world population grows, natural resources are also deteriorating. As a result, the global eco-footprint is estimated to be 1.5 times the Earth’s ability to sustainably provide each individual with sufficient resources to meet their consumption. Since the Industrial Revolution, large-scale mineral and oil exploration has increased, resulting in an increasing depletion of natural oil and minerals. Coupled with advances in technology, development and research, mineral development has become easier, people are digging deeper to access more resources, and many are in decline in production. In addition, the effects of deforestation are more severe than ever, with the World Bank reporting net loss of 1.3 million km2 of global forests between 1990 and 2015. This is primarily for agricultural reasons, but supported by rising population pressures, it is also used for logging fuel and creating space in residential areas. Not only did this lead to the loss of trees that are important for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but thousands of flora and fauna lost their natural habitat and became extinct.