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The occurrence of cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) has increased recently, and longer and more intense are now being documented globally. The most major forces that add a considerable load of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the freshwater ecosystems and enable the emergence of CyanoHABs are anthropogenic sources, such as agriculture, urban, and industrial activities. Additionally, due to the cyclical rise in temperature observed each year, human-caused eutrophication is being greatly accelerated by global climate change. Biodiversity is severely harmed in bloom-infested waters because light penetration is frequently decreased and oxygen is lowered near the benthos (hypoxia). Numerous cyanobacterial strains also create toxins that have the potential to seriously harm both human health and ecosystems.

 The neurotoxins antitoxin (9%) and saxitoxin (8%), among others, are among the most significant freshwater hepatotoxins recorded in the literature, followed by cylindrospermopsin (10%) and microcystin (63% of global records). Microcystis species is one of the most prevalent cyanobacteria that dominates blooms all around the planet. They have been documented in at least 108 nations, 79 of which are known to produce microcystins, a harmful hepatotoxin that affects liver cells. The bioaccumulation of microcystins by organisms makes them potentially harmful to fisheries, biodiversity, and the agricultural sector's use of water for irrigation and drinking11.

Furthermore, dense blooms of noxious odours could significantly reduce the aesthetic appeal of freshwater ecosystems, which would have an impact on navigation, recreation, tourism, and other economic activities. Therefore, in order to better comprehend their potential hazard and look for ways to mitigate their development, it is vital to expand our knowledge of the environmental effect in which the blooms occur. This is due to the demonstrated activity of cyanoHABs.

Their interactions with other planktonic microorganisms, such as bacteria attached to them (particle-attached bacteria, or PAB) and others that cohabit with free-living bacteria, are crucial factors that directly or indirectly affect cyanobacteria (FLB). The phycosphere, or consortia of attached microorganisms to the mucilaginous cyanobacterial sheath, is crucial to the establishment of CyanoHABs because the cyanobacterial mucilage offers the ideal habitat for the occurrence of many ecological inter-relationships. It has been proposed that symbiotic connections that foster synergy between both groups are how important substances, including as vitamins, CO2, N, P, and trace elements, are exchanged between bacteria and extracellular polysaccharides generated by photosynthetic cyanobacteria.